Bioprospecting Indigenous Microalgae for Pigment Production and Stability Assessment for Textile Applications

Arashiro, L. T., Ferrer-Ledo, N., Kleinegris, D. M. M., Wijffels, R. H., & Barbosa, M. J. (2020). Growth and pigment accumulation of Porphyridium purpureum under different light qualities. Algal Research, 51, 102068.

Balasubramaniam, M. K., Gomes, R. L., & Binner, E. R. (2024). Ionic liquid and ultrasound as a fast and innovative combination for improved extraction of Chlorella sorokiniana-derived carotenoids. Algal Research – Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts, 82, 103650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2024.103650

Bezerra, R. P., Matsudo, M. C., Sato, S., Converti, A., & Carvalho, J. C. M. (2012). Fed-batch cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis for phycocyanin production: Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 109(11), 2798–2807.

Blanckart, P., Perwuelz, A., & Behary, N. (2025). Algae-based coatings for fully bio-based and colored textile products. Textiles. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5010003

Boussiba, S., Vonshak, A., Cohen, Z., Avissar, Y., & Richmond, A. (1991). Lipid and biomass production by the halotolerant microalga Nannochloropsis salina. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2(1), 17–24.

Chew, K. W., Yap, J. Y., Show, P. L., Suan, N. H., Juan, J. C., Ling, T. C., & Lee, D. J. (2017). Microalgae biorefinery: High value products perspectives. Bioresource Technology, 229, 53–62.

Costa, J. A. V., de Morais, M. G., & da Silva, A. F. (2022). Blue biotechnology: Progress and challenges in microalgal pigment applications. Trends in Biotechnology, 40(7), 817–830.

Croft, M. T., Lawrence, A. D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M. J., & Smith, A. G. (2005). Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Nature, 438(7064), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04056

Degala, H. L., Mahadevan, G., & Pandiselvam, R. (2025). Impacts of drying methods on the physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of Chlorella sorokiniana. Journal of Applied Phycology, 37, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-025-03591-0

Del Campo, J. A., García-González, M., & Guerrero, M. G. (2007). Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production: Current state and perspectives. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 74(6), 1163–1174.

Ezhil, I., Abirami, B., & Pushpa, A. (2022). Yellow pigment from fast-growing marine soil bacteria Citricoccus sp. for dyeing cotton fabrics. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2022/v41i413994

Fernandes, A. S., Vieira, J. H., & Silva, J. (2023). Microalgae pigments: A review of production, stabilization, and applications in food and textiles. Journal of Applied Phycology, 35, 215–232.

Ferrandiz, M., Capablanca, L., Bonet-Aracil, M., & Gisbert, J. (n.d.). Phycobiliproteins: New natural dyes from algae as a sustainable method.

Gabrielyan, D. A., Sinetova, M. A., Gabel, B. V., Gabrielian, A. K., Starikov, A. Y., Voloshin, R. A.,... & Los, D. A. (2026). A Reliable Semi-Continuous Cultivation Mode for Stable High-Quality Biomass Production of Chlorella sorokiniana IPPAS C-1. Phycology, 6(1), 4

Ghazal, H. A., Abdel-Fattah, W. I., & Hebeish, A. A. (2025). Algae-based innovations for sustainable textile dyeing: Methods, applications and environmental benefits. Egyptian Journal of Textile and Polymer Science and Technology, 9(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.21608/jtcps.2025.358374.1418

Hamidian, A. H., Zarkami, R., & Sadeghi, R. (2022). Biomass production and nutritional properties of Chlorella sorokiniana grown on dairy wastewater. Journal of Water Process Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102760

Hewagama, S., Munasinghe, D., & Abeysekera, W. K. S. M. (2024). Microbial pigment isolation, culturing, and extraction to use as textile dyes. Humanities and Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4038/sjhs.v4i2.59

Keddar, M. N., Ballesteros, M., & Gonzalez-Fernandez, C. (2025). Lipid and lutein recovery from desertic microalgae in saline wastewater combined to abiotic stressors for sustainable antioxidant and biodiesel production. Algal Research – Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2025.103903

Kerner, M., Hanelt, D., & Wilhelm, C. (2025). Efficiency of surfactant extraction of pigments from wet and non-disrupted Chlorella sorokiniana produced in a bioenergy facade. Biomass and Bioenergy, 194, 107857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107857

Kilham, S. S., Kreeger, D. A., Lynn, S. G., Goulden, C. E., & Herrera, L. (1998). COMBO: A defined freshwater culture medium for algae and zooplankton. Hydrobiologia, 377(1–3), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003231628456

Kumar, R., Sharma, S., & Singh, A. (2021). Microalgae as a source of natural pigments: A review on applications and potential. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 59(10), 689–698.

Kwan, S. (2022). Dyeing and printing natural fibers with algae-based colorants (Doctoral dissertation, Universitat Politècnica de València). https://doi.org/10.4995/thesis/10251/180349

Li, Y., Sommerfeld, M., Chen, F., & Hu, Q. (2020). Effect of nitrogen starvation on pigment and lipid production in microalgae. Algal Research, 45, 101761.

Linhares, F. G., Freitas, T. K. F. S., & Egues, S. M. S. (2016). Cotton dyeing with extract from renewable agro-industrial bio-resources: A step towards sustainability. In Roadmap to sustainable textiles and clothing (pp. 659–687). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7515-1_35

Lorenz, R. T., & Cysewski, G. R. (2000). Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin. Trends in Biotechnology, 18(4), 160–167.

Nair, A. T., Senthilnathan, J., & Nagendra, S. M. S. (2025). Phycocyanin from oxygenic photogranules: A feasible ecofriendly dye for cotton and silk fibers. Cleaner Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2025.100334

Porra, R. J., Thompson, W. A., & Kriedemann, P. E. (1989). Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Bioenergetics, 975(3), 384–394.

Rao, A. R., Sarada, R., & Ravishankar, G. A. (2020). Stabilization of natural pigments: Microalgal pigments for textile dyeing applications. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32(5), 3121–3132.

Singh, R. N., Sharma, S., Sahoo, P. K., & Rath, B. (2019). Biorefinery of microalgae for sustainable production of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 108, 17–37.

Umesh, M., James, N., Stanly, L. M., Suresh, S., & Santhosh, A. S. (2025). Microbial Pigments in Textile and Dyeing Industries. In Biopigments of Microbial Origin: Innovations and Applications Across Industries (pp. 205-227). GB: CABI.

Wizi, J., Ding, Y., Kang, S., Liu, B., & Tian, X. (2022). Harnessing microalgae biomass from Lake Taihu as a natural biocolorant source for sustainable eco-friendly dyeing of cotton with ultrasonication. Journal of Textile Science and Technology, 8(2), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtst.2022.82009

Yazdani, S. S., & Tavakoli, O. (2019). Advances in biotechnological production of carotenoids in Dunaliella salina. Bioresource Technology, 289, 121719.

Zhang, C., Wang, L., & Zhao, X. (2024). Continuous mode of color and functionality construction for cotton by bacterial pigment based on nano-suspension system. Industrial Crops and Products, 218, 118510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118510