National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS)
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PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com / submit@ijcmas.com Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39 NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38 |
Paratyphoid fever remains a significant public health challenge in many parts of the world, particularly in regions with limited sanitation and healthcare infrastructure. Caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi, the disease is characterized by systemic infection resulting from complex host–pathogen interactions. Increasing evidence suggests that gene regulation plays a central role in determining bacterial virulence, host immune response, and clinical outcome. In parallel, antibiotic therapy while essential for disease management exerts profound selective pressure that reshapes gene expression patterns in both the pathogen and the human host. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms governing Salmonella Paratyphi pathogenesis and examines how antibiotic exposure modulates bacterial and host gene expression during infection. Key bacterial regulatory networks involved in virulence, stress adaptation, persistence, and antimicrobial resistance are discussed alongside host immune and inflammatory gene responses that influence disease severity and treatment outcomes. The review further highlights how antibiotics act not only as antimicrobial agents but also as modulators of host–pathogen gene regulatory dynamics. By integrating molecular mechanisms with clinical implications, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on antibiotic response in paratyphoid fever and underscores the importance of systems-level approaches for improving diagnosis, treatment optimization, and antimicrobial stewardship. Understanding gene regulation in the context of antibiotic therapy may inform future precision medicine strategies and support the development of more effective interventions for paratyphoid fever management.
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