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Original Research Articles                      Volume : 14, Issue:12, December, 2025
PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2025.14(12): 174-186
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2025.1412.018


From Environment to Human Disease: An Integrated Review of Heavy Metal Exposure Pathways and Toxicity
Uday Sankar Allam, Benson Wesley Buraga, Vidya Prabhakar Kodali, Vijay A.K.B. Gundi and Mary Sandeepa Gujjula*
Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore – 524 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
*Corresponding author
Abstract:

Heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) enter the environment mainly through anthropogenic activities, including industrial effluents, agricultural inputs, and domestic wastewater, and subsequently accumulate in water, soil, and biota. These elements can bioaccumulate and biomagnify along aquatic and terrestrial food chains, leading to chronic exposure in humans via drinking water and contaminated food commodities. Heavy metals disrupt cellular homeostasis by inducing oxidative stress, impairing membrane function, altering signalling pathways, and interfering with essential metal-dependent enzymes, which contributes to neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, reproductive dysfunction, and carcinogenesis. This review summarizes sources and pathways of heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments, dietary and groundwater exposure routes in humans, and the major molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity, highlighting the need for integrated monitoring, regulatory control, and remediation strategies to reduce the global health burden associated with heavy metal pollution.


Keywords: Anthropogenic Resources, Bioaccumulation, Heavy Metals, Toxicity, Living Organisms

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How to cite this article:

Uday Sankar Allam, Benson Wesley Buraga, Vidya Prabhakar Kodali, Vijay A.K.B. Gundi and Mary Sandeepa Gujjula. 2025. From Environment to Human Disease: An Integrated Review of Heavy Metal Exposure Pathways and ToxicityInt.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 14(12): 174-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2025.1412.018
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