Water is one of the most essential elements of life on Earth. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of all living organisms, supporting biodiversity, and sustaining ecosystems. It is involved in various physiological, biological, and chemical processes that are fundamental to life. Without water, life as we know it would not exist. Water is not only important for drinking but also plays a central role in agriculture, industry, and sanitation. Its availability and quality directly impact food production, health, and economic development. It also serves as a medium for waste disposal and plays a role in cooling and energy generation in power plants. The bacteriological examination of water is essential for assessing its safety and suitability for human consumption. This study focuses on detecting microbial contamination in water sources using standard bacteriological techniques, such as the Most Probable Number (MPN) test, membrane filter method and multiple-tube fermentation. Key indicators, including coliform bacteria (such as Escherichia coli), serve as markers of faecal contamination and potential pathogenic presence and also enteric pathogens like Salmonella, Vibrio and Klelbsiella. The results of bacteriological analysis help in identifying pollution sources and evaluating the effectiveness of water treatment methods. Ensuring microbiological water quality is crucial for preventing waterborne diseases and safeguarding public health.

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