Index Copernicus
Follow
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences (IJCMAS)
IJCMAS is now DOI (CrossRef) registered Research Journal. The DOIs are assigned to all published IJCMAS Articles.
Index Copernicus ICI Journals Master List 2023 - IJCMAS--ICV 2023: 95.56 For more details click here
National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) : NAAS Score: *5.38 (2020) [Effective from January 1, 2020] For more details click here

Login as a Reviewer


See Guidelines to Authors
Current Issues
Download Publication Certificate

Original Research Articles                      Volume : 13, Issue:4, April, 2024

PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706
Issues : 12 per year
Publisher : Excellent Publishers
Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com /
submit@ijcmas.com
Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash
Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39
NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2024.13(4): 97-106
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2024.1304.011


Correlation Pattern of Selected Markers among Non-Naïve HIV Participants in Edo Central, Nigeria
O. Okparaku1*, N. R. Agbakoba2, 3, R. C. Chukwuanukwu4, 5,O. Iyevhobu1 and I. S. Okwelogu2
1Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
3Molecular Research Laboratory, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
4Immunology Unit, Medical Laboratory Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
5Department of Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
*Corresponding author
Abstract:

This study was designed to define the correlation pattern ofCD4/CD8 ratio, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress parameters, and cytolytic molecules in chronic HIV infection, using seropositive participants visiting HIV clinic at two hospitals in Edo central, Nigeria. A total of 58 HIV sero-positive participants on HAART and 30 apparently healthy individuals (control) were recruited for this study. The CDC staging method with CD4 count was used to classify the sero-positive participants. The average duration of ART intake was 9.0±3.33 years and 8.18±4.19 years for stage I and II respectively. About 10mls of venous blood were collected from each patient and dispensed into plain container (5ml) and EDTA container (5ml) for analysis. Viral load was estimated using the COBAS C4800TM, CD4 and CD8 counts were determined using the BD FACS Count™ System, ELISA was used for other parameters. The result of the study revealedthat the CD4 count for stage I has a strong positive correlation (p<0.05) with IL-10 (r= 0.427), PEF (r=0.477) and GRZM (r=0.426). Similarly, CD4/CD8 ratio showed a strong positive correlation (p<0.05) with GRZM. Contrary to CD4 count, viral load produced significant negative correlation (p<0.05) with IL-10 (r= -0.428) within stage I group. The TNF-α revealed a positive correlation with oxidative stress markers; MDA (p=0.577) and TAC (p=0.014) among stage I group. There was non significant correlation between studied parameters within stage II group. Furthermore, TNF-α values showed different correlation pattern between stage II and I with regards to MDA (r= -0.462; r= 0.126) and TAC (r= -0.054; r= 0.514) respectively. The control group result showed that IL-10 had a negative correlation with MDA (p=0.000) and TAC (p=0.090), and a positive correlation with PEF (p=0.114) and GRZM (p=0.003). We also observed among the control group, that TNF-α showed a strong negative correlation (p<0.05) with TAC. Conclusively, a higher anti-inflammatory status will result to a decline in viral replication. Therefore HIV subjects could be advised to engage in activities and lifestyle that would reduce inflammation. An improved CD4 count status is associated with improved cytolytic capacity of the immune effector T cells with increased release of cytolytic molecules. Also higher anti-inflammation status may result to improved CD4 count. This may have resulted from declined viral replication due to lower inflammation. We further conclude that CD4 count and viral load values which are usual tools for monitoring HIV infected patients could be used to predict other health measures such as inflammation and cytotoxic activities. This will enable care givers proactively arrest disease progression and provide timely interventions against other non AIDS pathology.


Keywords: HIV infection, HIV stages, cytolytic molecules, inflammation, oxidative stress, correlation


References:

Abe, E. O., Adisa, A. O., Adeyemi, B. F., Awolude, O. A. & Owotade, F. J. (2022). Relationship between CD4+ count, serum inflammatory cytokines, and oral melanotic hyperpigmentation in newly diagnosed HIV-seropositive patients: a nested case-control study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 133(2), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2021.10.009

Balaji, T. M., Varadarajan, S., Sujatha, G., Muruganandhan, J., Shanmugapriya, R., Raj, A. T. & Awan, K. H. (2021). Necrotizing periodontal diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: A review. Disease-a-Month, 67(9), 101168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101168

Baral, S., Raja, R., Sen, P. & Dixit, N. M. (2019). Towards multiscale modeling of the CD8+ T cell response to viral infections. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine, 11(4), e1446. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsbm.1446

Bhaskaran, K., Rentsch, C. T., MacKenna, B., Schultze, A., Mehrkar, A., Bates, C. J. & Goldacre, B. (2021). HIV infection and COVID-19 death: a population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform. The lancet HIV, 8(1), e24-e32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30305-2

Butler, J., Kalogeropoulos, A. P., Anstrom, K. J., Hsue, P. Y., Kim, R. J., Scherzer, R. & Braunwald, E. (2018). Diastolic dysfunction in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection: literature review, rationale and design of the characterizing heart function on antiretroviral therapy (CHART) study. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 24(4), 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.02.001

Chauvin, M., & Sauce, D. (2022). Mechanisms of immune aging in HIV. Clinical Science, 136(1), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20210344

Collins, D. R., Gaiha, G. D. & Walker, B. D. (2020). CD8+ T cells in HIV control, cure and prevention. Nature Reviews Immunology, 20(8), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0274-9

Corrilynn, O. H. & Nicholas, T. F. (2018). Inflammation, immune activation and antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus. curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 14(3),93–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-017-0356-x

Farazmand, A. (Ed.). (2023). Global encyclopedia of public administration, public policy, and governance. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5

Gray, G. E. & Corey, L. (2021). The path to find an HIV vaccine. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 24(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25749

Huang, J., Zhang, R., Wang, S., Zhang, D., Leung, C. K., Yang, G. & Li, J. (2021). Methamphetamine and HIV-tat protein synergistically induce oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier damage via transient receptor potential melastatin 2channel. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 619436. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.619436

Kapogiannis, B. G., Koenig, L. J., Xu, J., Mayer, K. H., Loeb, J., Greenberg, L. & Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. (2020). The HIV continuum of care for adolescents and young adults attending 13 urban US HIV care centers of the NICHD-ATN-CDC-HRSA SMILE Collaborative. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 84(1), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002308

Kenmegne, J. S., Teto, G., Fokam, J., Nguemaim, F. N., Dambaya, B., & Takou, D. (2020). Differential of Antioxidant Ability, CD4+ T Cells Count and Viral Load in HIV Infected Patients on cART in Yaounde, Cameroon. Annals of Infectious Disease Epidemiology 2020; 5 (2), 1055. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2691-8862.jvat-20-3417

Linley, L., Johnson, A. S., Song, R., Hu, S., Wu, B., Hall, H. I. & Friend, M. (2021). Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States 2010–2019.

Lomeli-Martinez, S. M., Valentin-Goméz, E., Varela-Hernández, J. J., Alvarez-Zavala, M., Sanchez-Reyes, K., Ramos-Solano, M. & Andrade-Villanueva, J. F. (2019). Candida spp. determination and Th1/Th2 mixed cytokine profile in oral samples from HIV+ patients with chronic periodontitis. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 1465. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01465

Macatangay, B. J., Gandhi, R. T., Jones, R. B., Mcmahon, D. K., Lalama, C. M., Bosch, R. J. & ACTG A5321 Team (2020). T cells with high PD-1 expression are associated with lower HIV-specific immune responses despite long-term antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 34(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002406

Muema, D. M., Akilimali, N. A., Ndumnego, O. C., Rasehlo, S. S., Durgiah, R., Ojwach, D. B.,... & Ndung’u, T. (2020). Association between the cytokine storm, immune cell dynamics, and viral replicative capacity in hyperacute HIV infection. BMC medicine, 18, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01529-6

Nguyen, S., Deleage, C., Darko, S., Ransier, A., Truong, D. P., Agarwal, D. & Betts, M. R. (2019). Elite control of HIV is associated with distinct functional and transcriptional signatures in lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells. Science Translational Medicine, 11(523), eaax4077. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4077

Nüssing, S., Sutton, V. R., Trapani, J. A. & Parish, I. A. (2022). Beyond target cell death–granzyme serine proteases in health and disease. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 88, 101152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2022.101152

Obregon-Perko, V., Hodara, V. L., Parodi, L. M. & Giavedoni, L. D. (2018). Baboon CD8 T cells suppress SIVmac infection in CD4 T cells through contact-dependent production of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES. Cytokine, 111, 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.022

Osuji, F. N., Onyenekwe, C. C., Ahaneku, J. E. & Ukibe, N. R. (2018). The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV infected participants. Journal of Biomedical Science, 25(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-018-0490-9

Pa?atu-Cornea, A. M., Ciciu, E. & Tu??, L. A. (2022). Perforin: An intriguing protein in allograft rejection immunology. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 24(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11446

Perdomo-Celis, F., Taborda, N. A. & Rugeles, M. T. (2019). CD8+ T-cell response to HIV infection in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 1896. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01896

Ramos-González, E. J., Bitzer-Quintero, O. K., Ortiz, G., Hernández-Cruz, J. J., & Ramírez-Jirano, L. J. (2021). Relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress and its effect on multiple sclerosis. Neurologia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2021.10.003

Sies, H., & Jones, D. P. (2020). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 21(7), 363-383. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-0230-3

Singh, M. V., Kotla, S., Le, N. T., Ae Ko, K., Heo, K. S., Wang, Y.,... & Abe, J. I. (2019). Senescent phenotype induced by p90RSK-NRF2 signaling sensitizes monocytes and macrophages to oxidative stress in HIV-positive individuals: Implications for atherogenesis. Circulation, 139(9), 1199-1216. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036232

Sonia Zicari, Libera Sessa, Nicola Cotugno, Alessandra Ruggiero, Elena Morrocchi, Carlo Concato, Salvatore Rocca, Paola Zangari, Emma C. Manno, and Paolo Palma (2019). Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART. Viruses. 11(3): 200. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030200

Wang, X. Q., Wang, W., Peng, M. & Zhang, X. Z. (2021). Free radicals for cancer theranostics. Biomaterials, 266, 120474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120474

Younas, M., Psomas, C., Reynes, C., Cezar, R., Kundura, L., Portales, P. & Corbeau, P. (2019). Microbial translocation is linked to a specific immune activation profile in HIV-1-infected adults with suppressed viremia. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 2185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02185

Download this article as Download

How to cite this article:

Okparaku, S. O., N. R. Agbakoba, R. C. Chukwuanukwu, K. O. Iyevhobu and Okwelogu, I. S. 2024. Correlation Pattern of Selected Markers among Non-Naïve HIV Participants in Edo Central, Nigeria.Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 13(4): 97-106. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2024.1304.011
Copyright: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license.

Citations