National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS)
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PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com / submit@ijcmas.com Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39 NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38 |
In developing countries (Asia and Africa), especially in rural areas, 2.5 billion people rely on biomass, such as fuelwood, charcoal, agricultural wastes and animal dung, to meet their energy needs for cooking and other household use (Kibria, 2015). These resources (biomass) account for over 90% of household energy consumption. About 77% and 61% of population use solid fuels (wood, charcoal) for cooking in Africa and Asia respectively. Use of biomass for energy (to cook meals and other purposes), expose rural people and their families to hazards of smoke and fumes. About 1.3 million people all over globe, mostly women and children, die prematurely every year because of exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass. These threats can only be overcome by producing energy and food in a sustainable way that creates less waste and pollution. Sustainable energy includes renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, wind energy, biogas, hydroelectricity, geothermal energy, bioenergy, tidal power (OECD-IEA, 2006). The concept of energy self-sufficient farmstead incorporates various aspects of renewable energy utilization viz. biomass conversion techniques, solar energy (photovoltaic and thermal), wind power and effective management system for the household effluents and crop residues to meet the entire energy demand throughout the year. In order to reduce environmental pollution and related health hazards, the conventional practices like fuelwood burning for household use and burning crop residues in field need to be replaced by the efficient techniques such as biogas production, biodiesel production, biomass gasification and wood to charcoal conversion (IRENA, 2015).
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